PREVALENCE OF RISK FACTORS AND SEVERITY LEVEL OF DIABETIC RETINOPATHY IN UITM MEDICAL SPECIALIST CENTRE:AN ORDINAL ANALYSIS
Aniza Ayuna Che Jani1, Zuraida Khairudin2*, Nornadiah Mohd Razali3, Nor Azimah Abd
Aziz4, Hezlin Aryani Abd Rahman5, and Nur Syamimi Haji Abu Bakar6
1,2*,5,6Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences,
Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA Cawangan
Negeri Sembilan, Kampus Seremban, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
4Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Teknologi Mara Sg Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia
1This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., 2*This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., 3This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.,
4This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., 5This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it., 6This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
ABSTRACT
Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) has become a major concern as the number of diabetic patients who are diagnosed with DR has been on the rise each year. Hence, the adoption of a strategic approach is needed to determine the factors that contribute to the level of severity in DR patients. This research aims to determine the significant risk factors influencing the severity level of DR as well as to evaluate the classification rate between the severity level of 157 patients at UiTM Private Specialist Centre by employing the Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR) analysis. The study revealed that there were 60 (38%) patients with Mild Non- Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR), 61 (39%) patients with moderate NPDR, 9 (6%) patients with severe NPDR and 27 (17%) patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). On top of that, the severity level of DR was found to be influenced by the duration of diabetes melitus (DM) (p=0.005), nephropathy (p=0.011) and dyslipidemia (p=0.035). Patients who did not have nephropathy were 0.6 times less likely and patients who did not have the dyslipidemia were 0.7 times more likely to have the highest severity level of DR compared to lower severity levels. For the duration of DM, an increase in the duration was associated with an increase in the odds of having the highest severity level. Finally, the results showed that severity level 2 (Mild NPDR), severity level 3 (Moderate NPDR) and severity level 4 (Severe NPDR) were the most accurate categories predicted by the model. This study can contribute to the improvement of health among DR patients and provides alternatives to the hospital in giving treatments to the patients.
Keywords: Diabetes, Diabetic Retinopathy (DR), Risk Factors, Ordinal Logistic Regression (OLR), Severity Level
Published On: 1 October 2025
